The Truth About HPV and Cervical Cancer

Author: Egbodo Peter

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide, and the leading cause is the human papillomavirus (HPV). Despite increased awareness, many myths and misconceptions still surround HPV and its connection to cervical cancer. Understanding the truth about this virus, how it spreads, and what steps can be taken to prevent cervical cancer can help save lives. 

What is HPV? 

HPV (human papillomavirus) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. It is a group of over 200 related viruses, some of which can cause warts (on the genitals, hands, or feet), while others are linked to various cancers, including cervical, anal, throat, and penile cancer. 

HPV is so common that nearly all sexually active individuals will be exposed to it at some point in their lives. In most cases, the body’s immune system clears the virus naturally, but when certain high-risk strains persist, they can lead to serious health complications, including cervical cancer. 

How Does HPV Cause Cervical Cancer? 

Cervical cancer develops when high-risk HPV strains, particularly HPV types 16 and 18, cause abnormal changes in the cells of the cervix. These changes, known as cervical dysplasia, can gradually progress into cancer over many years if left undetected and untreated. 

The process follows these stages: 

1. HPV Infection: The virus enters the cervical cells through sexual contact. 

2. Cellular Changes: If the body fails to clear the virus, the infection may cause precancerous changes in cervical cells. 

3. Precancerous Lesions: Over time, these abnormal cells may develop into precancerous lesions. 

4. Cervical Cancer: If left untreated, these lesions can turn into cervical cancer. 

Who is at Risk? 

Any woman who has been sexually active is at risk of contracting HPV, but certain factors increase the likelihood of developing cervical cancer: 

• Having multiple sexual partners 

• Starting sexual activity at a young age 

• Smoking, which weakens the immune system 

• A weakened immune system due to conditions like HIV 

• Long-term use of birth control pills (over five years) 

• Giving birth to many children 

• Lack of regular cervical screenings 

Signs and Symptoms 

Cervical cancer in its early stages usually has no symptoms, which is why regular screening is essential. However, as the disease progresses, symptoms may include: 

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding (between periods, after sex, or after menopause) 

• Unusual vaginal discharge with a foul odor 

• Pain during intercourse 

• Pelvic pain or lower back pain 

If you experience any of these symptoms, consult a doctor immediately. 

Prevention of HPV and Cervical Cancer 

1. HPV Vaccination 

One of the most effective ways to prevent cervical cancer is by getting vaccinated against HPV. The HPV vaccine protects against high-risk strains like HPV 16 and 18, which cause about 70% of cervical cancers. 

• Recommended for boys and girls aged 9–14 years (before sexual activity begins) 

• Also available for adults up to age 45, depending on individual risk factors 

• Safe and effective in preventing HPV-related cancers 

2. Regular Cervical Screenings (Pap Smears and HPV Tests) 

Routine cervical screenings can detect abnormal cell changes before they develop into cancer. 

• Pap Smear: Checks for precancerous or abnormal cells in the cervix. Recommended every 3 years for women aged 21–65. 

• HPV Test: Detects high-risk HPV infections. Recommended every 5 years for women aged 30–65 (can be combined with a Pap smear). 

3. Safe Sexual Practices 

• Using condoms reduces the risk of HPV transmission but does not eliminate it entirely, as HPV can infect areas not covered by a condom. 

• Limiting the number of sexual partners and avoiding high-risk sexual behavior can lower exposure. 

4. Quitting Smoking 

Smoking weakens the immune system, making it harder to fight HPV infections and increasing the risk of cervical cancer. 

5. Strengthening the Immune System 

A healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress management helps the immune system fight off HPV infections. 

Treatment Options for HPV and Cervical Cancer 

1. HPV Treatment 

There is no cure for HPV itself, but most infections clear on their own. Treatments are available for HPV-related conditions like genital warts and precancerous cervical changes. 

2. Precancerous Lesions Treatment 

If cervical screenings detect abnormal cells, procedures such as cryotherapy, laser therapy, or LEEP (Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure) may be used to remove them before they develop into cancer. 

3. Cervical Cancer Treatment 

For women diagnosed with cervical cancer, treatment options depend on the stage of cancer and may include: 

• Surgery (removal of cancerous tissue or the entire uterus in severe cases) 

• Radiation therapy 

• Chemotherapy 

Final Thoughts 

HPV and cervical cancer are preventable with the right measures. Vaccination, routine screenings, and healthy lifestyle choices play a crucial role in reducing the risk of developing cervical cancer. While HPV is common, understanding its risks and taking proactive steps can empower women to protect themselves. By breaking the silence around HPV and cervical health, we can reduce the number of cervical cancer cases and save lives. 

According to WebMD the symptoms of HIV are mostly the same for men and women. But there can be some differences between the genders.

Read More: Signs And Symptoms Of Hiv In Women – De-Health Box